Saturday, February 9, 2013

Opposition leader's funeral brings day of reckoning for Tunisia

TUNIS (Reuters) - Tunisia's political crisis looked likely to deepen on Friday with strikes and protests planned around the funeral of assassinated opposition politician Chokri Belaid.

Belaid's killing on Wednesday has brought thousands of people onto the streets of the capital Tunis and other cities in violence-marred protests.

Unions have called a general strike for Friday, setting the stage for further confrontation two years on from the pro-democracy revolution that inspired the Arab Spring.

Tunisia is riven by tensions between the dominant Islamists and their secular opponents, and by disillusionment over the lack of social progress since the overthrow of dictator Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011.

In response to Belaid's assassination, Prime Minister Hamdi Jebali, an Islamist, said on Wednesday he would dissolve the government, name a non-partisan cabinet of technocrats and hold early elections. But his partners opposed the move and it is yet to be approved by parliament.

No one has claimed responsibility for the killing of Belaid, a lawyer and secular political figure, who was shot by a gunman as he left home for work on Wednesday.

But a crowd set fire to the headquarters of Ennahda, the Islamist party of Prime Minister Jebali, who leads a coalition with two junior secularist parties. Ennahda denies any involvement.

While Belaid had only a modest political following, his criticism of Ennahda policies spoke for many Tunisians who fear religious radicals are bent on snuffing out freedoms won in the first of the revolts that rippled through the Arab world.

"Criminals assassinated Chokri's body, but will not assassinate Chokri's struggle," his widow Besma said on Thursday.

"My sadness ended when I saw thousands flocking to the streets...at that moment I knew that the country is fine and men and women in my country are defending democracy, freedom and life."

All three ruling parties and sections of the opposition rebuffed Jebali's plan to create a small, technocrat government to take over day-to-day matters until elections could be held, demanding they be consulted before any such move.

"In the likely event that there is no agreement, civil unrest will increase, reaching a level that cannot be contained by the police," said Firas Abi Ali of the London-based Exclusive Analysis think-tank.

"If unrest continued for more than two weeks, the army would probably reluctantly step in and back a technocrat government, as well as fresh elections for a new Constituent Assembly."

The economic effect of political uncertainty and street unrest could be serious in a country which has yet to draft a post-revolutionary constitution and which relies heavily on the tourist trade.

The cost of insuring Tunisian government bonds against default rose to its highest level in more than four years on Thursday and ratings agency Fitch said it could further downgrade Tunisia if political instability continues or worsens.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/opposition-leaders-funeral-brings-day-reckoning-tunisia-060200824.html

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The Europeans Have It: More Power and Better Data Wins in ...

Roberta J. Witty
Research VP
11 years at Gartner
33 years IT industry

Roberta Witty is a research VP in Gartner Research, where she is part of the Compliance, Risk and Leadership group. Her primary area of focus is business continuity management and disaster recovery. Ms. Witty is the role specialty lead for? Read Full Bio

Coverage Areas:

by Roberta J. Witty ?|? February 8, 2013 ?|? Submit a Comment

Not many of us paid a lot of attention to the weather forecasting systems that the meteorologists use. When we did in the U.S., we were very cynical because the meteorologists just didn?t seem to get it right, almost to the point of the forecasts being a joke. But Superstorm Sandy quickly brought the problem to light: the European system predicted a direct hit on NYC 3 days before the U.S. system did, which was the same day of the storm ? a bit too late I would say. WOW! Why?

There is a rather significant difference between the two: the European system has faster computers, more data and better initialization data. This blog post from www.accuweather.com and video from the Today Show explains it all.

Fortunately for the U.S., the Europeans are allowing us to use their data, and have helped us figure out why the U.S. model isn?t performing as well. But it will take time and money to fix. So when planning your next outdoor party, make sure the forecast you consult is from the European model.

Category: Advisory BCM Process Event Technology ? ? Tags: BCM, Business Continuity Management, Business Continuity Planning, Crisis Management, ECMWF, Gartner, GFS, NOAA, Roberta Witty, weather, weather forecast

Source: http://blogs.gartner.com/business-continuity/2013/02/08/the-europeans-have-it-more-power-and-better-data-wins-in-weather-forecasting/

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Astronauts Will Tackle Your Questions In A Google+ Hangout From The International Space Station

issGetting a glimpse into the lives of astronauts in space has been de rigueur since the days of the Apollo program, but actually interacting with those busy space-dwellers? That's a much more modern trend, and one that NASA seems eager to continue. To that end, NASA recently announced that U.S. astronauts Kevin Ford and Tom Marshburn and Chris Hadfield of the Canadian Space Agency would be fielding questions in what the organization is billing as the first Google+ hangout from the International Space Station at 11AM Eastern on February 22.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/u9aGcryng0Q/

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Senators seek pact on gun-buy background checks

FILE - In this Jan. 6, 2013 file photo, Ken Haiterman, of Pioneer Market, holds a CMMG 5.56mm AR 15 during the 2013 Rocky Mountain Gun Show in Sandy, Utah. A bipartisan quartet of senators, including two National Rifle Association members and two with ?F? ratings from the potent firearms lobby, are quietly trying to reach compromise on expanding the requirement for gun-sale background checks. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 6, 2013 file photo, Ken Haiterman, of Pioneer Market, holds a CMMG 5.56mm AR 15 during the 2013 Rocky Mountain Gun Show in Sandy, Utah. A bipartisan quartet of senators, including two National Rifle Association members and two with ?F? ratings from the potent firearms lobby, are quietly trying to reach compromise on expanding the requirement for gun-sale background checks. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 26, 2013 file photo, a customer looks over shotguns on display at the annual New York State Arms Collectors Association Albany Gun Show at the Empire State Plaza Convention Center in Albany, N.Y. A bipartisan quartet of senators, including two National Rifle Association members and two with ?F? ratings from the potent firearms lobby, are quietly trying to reach compromise on expanding the requirement for gun-sale background checks. (AP Photo/Philip Kamrass, File)

David Keene, president of the National Rifle Association, smiles during an exclusive interview with Associated Press reporters in Denver on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013. He said he's confident that Congress won't approve an assault weapons ban or an ammunition limit in the wake of mass shootings in Colorado and Connecticut. David Keene called such gun control proposals "feel-good" measures that he says "won't do any good." Keene is scheduled to meet with Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper and other lawmakers at the Capitol later Thursday. (AP Photo/Ed Andrieski)

(AP) ? A cornerstone of President Barack Obama's drive to check gun violence is gathering bipartisan steam as four senators, including two of the National Rifle Association's congressional champions, privately seek compromise on requiring far more firearms purchasers to undergo background checks.

The talks are being held even as Obama's call to ban assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines, the two other major pillars of his plan, are hitting rough waters on Capitol Hill. An agreement among the four senators to expand background checks would add significant impetus to that high-profile proposal by getting the endorsement of a group that ranges from one of the Senate's most liberal Democrats to one of its most conservative Republicans.

"We'll get something, I hope. I'm praying for it," said Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., one of the participants.

Manchin, a moderate Democrat, is an NRA member who aired a 2010 campaign ad in which he literally shot a hole through Democratic environmental legislation that he pledged to oppose.

Also involved is Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., another NRA member with a strong conservative record but occasional maverick impulses; No. 3 Senate Democratic leader Charles Schumer of New York, a liberal; and moderate GOP Sen. Mark Kirk of Illinois.

Background checks are required only for sales by the nation's 55,000 federally licensed gun dealers, but not for private purchases like those at gun shows, online or in person. There are few indisputable, up-to-date statistics on how many guns change hands without background checks, but a respected study using 1990s data estimated that 30 percent to 40 percent of gun transactions fit into that category.

The senators' talks have included discussions about how to encourage states to make more mental health data available to the federal system for checking gun buyers' records, according to people who spoke anonymously because they were not authorized to describe the private negotiations. They are also considering potential exemptions to expanded background check requirements, including transactions involving relatives or people with licenses to carry concealed weapons

People involved in the talks would share little about their substance. In one of the few public remarks about the talks by participants, Schumer said last week that the talks have been productive and said the package they were seeking "will not limit your ability to borrow your Uncle Willie's hunting rifle or share a gun with your friend at a shooting range."

Congress has been focusing on guns since the December massacre of 20 first-graders and six adults at a school in Newtown, Conn. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., wants his panel to approve gun control legislation in the next few weeks and has voiced strong support for universal background checks for firearms purchases.

While an expansion of background checks is expected to be a key part of any gun control bill Leahy produces, a version of that provision with bipartisan support could give the entire package a boost.

It is likely that any gun-control bill will need 60 votes to pass the 100-member Senate. Democrats have 55 votes, including two Democratic-leaning independents.

Leaders of the GOP-run House are planning to see what, if anything, the Senate passes before moving on gun legislation. Strategists believe that a measure that passes the Senate with clear bipartisan support could pressure the House to act.

The political impact that the four senators could have by reaching agreement stems largely from who they are.

If Coburn embraces an agreement, that could help win over other conservative Republicans at a time when the GOP is responding to its White House and congressional election losses of last November by trying to broaden its national appeal.

In an Associated Press-GfK Poll last month, requiring more background checks got overwhelming public support, compared to just over half who backed bans on assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines.

"The whole goal is to keep guns out of the hands of the mentally ill and criminals," Coburn said in a brief interview.

Manchin's support could make it easier to win backing from other Democratic senators from GOP-leaning states, many of whom face re-election next year and who have been leery of embracing Obama's proposals.

"If the language is meaningful, it would be obviously a huge step," said Josh Horwitz, executive director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, which represents child welfare, religious and other groups favoring gun curbs. "To have someone like Coburn, who's voted consistently with the gun lobby, to come out and endorse a meaningful background check would be very helpful."

Schumer and Kirk each have "F'' scores from the NRA for their voting records in Congress, while Coburn and Manchin have "A'' ratings.

Though widened background checks is given the strongest chance for enactment of Obama's major proposals, it is opposed by the NRA and many congressional Republicans, who consider it intrusive and unworkable for a system they say already has flaws.

"My problem with background checks is you're never going to get criminals to go through background checks," Wayne LaPierre, NRA executive vice president, told the Senate Judiciary Committee at its gun control hearing last week.

"That's the way reductions in liberty occur, when you start saying people have to sign up for something and they have a database where they know exactly who's who," Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, said in an interview.

Gun control supporters note that federal laws specifically forbid the national background check system from being used as a registry of gun owners. Much of the information the system collects must be destroyed within a day.

NRA spokesman Andrew Arulanandam declined to comment on the senators' discussions.

According to Justice Department estimates, the federal and state governments ran 108 million background checks of firearms sales between 1994 when the requirement became law and 2009. Of those, 1.9 million ? almost 2 percent ? were denied, usually because would-be purchasers had criminal records.

People legally judged to be "mentally defective" are among those blocked by federal law from firearms purchases. States are supposed to make mental health records available to the federal background check system and receive more generous Justice Department grants if they do, but many provide little or no such data because of privacy concerns or antiquated record-keeping systems.

People following the discussions say the talks have touched on:

?The types of family relatives who would be allowed to give guns to each other without a background check.

?Possibly exempting sales in remote areas.

?Whether to help some veterans who sought treatment for traumatic stress disorder ? now often barred from getting firearms ? become eligible to do so.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-02-08-Gun%20Control-Background%20Checks/id-0af6515490ca407ca1edb0cd5364043d

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Friday, February 8, 2013

New Polish film tackles homosexuality in Catholic Church

BERLIN (Reuters) - Polish director Malgoska Szumowska tackles the controversial topic of homosexuality in the Roman Catholic priesthood in her film "In the Name of" that had its world premiere on Friday but she said her aim was not to deliver a political message.

"In the Name of", the first of 19 competition entries to screen at this year's Berlin film festival, focuses on a priest's struggle with his sexuality while working with troubled youths in a deprived corner of rural Poland where drug and alcohol abuse are commonplace.

The film takes a swipe at the Catholic Church, which still wields huge influence in Poland, and Szumowska said she expects Polish conservatives to react negatively, but she said her main concern was to depict the loneliness of a priest's life.

"They (the Catholic Church) don't want to change anything. The church does not fit in with modern society," Szumowska told a news conference after the screening.

"Out of this conflict only bad things happen. I think they are extremely closed and intolerant... But I am not a politician or an intellectual," she added.

"We did not want to make a movie about an oppressive church... We wanted to make a movie about love."

The priest Adam, played by Andrzej Chyra, has a good rapport with the dope-smoking, hard-talking young men in his care, playing soccer and swimming in a lake with them. He wards off his growing sexual frustration with long runs in the forest.

After rejecting the advances of a young woman parishioner Ewa, Adam strikes up a friendship with the taciturn son of a simple local family who returns his affection.

In one of the more memorable scenes in a film characterized by furtive glances, whispered confessions and a tense mood that swings swiftly from joy to despair, Adam dances with a portrait of the Pope to loud music after downing a bottle of vodka.

"It is hard to imagine a more lonely person than a priest... I spoke to many priests and they told me that it is very hard," said Szumowska.

"I wanted to understand my character (Adam), not judge him," she told the news conference where she was joined by Chyra and Mateusz Kosciukiewicz who played his young lover.

CHANGING TIMES

"We have very strong discussions now in Poland, about the church, about homosexuality. We now have priests leaving the church," she said.

The film's premiere comes just weeks after the Polish parliament rejected draft laws that would have given limited legal rights to homosexual couples in a move that disappointed many younger, urban Poles with liberal views about sex.

And yet Poland - whose parliament includes its first transsexual lawmaker - is changing.

"It was not hard getting money to make the film. The Polish Film Institute is not afraid of controversial issues. Poland is a democracy and you can say whatever you want," she said.

Szumowska, 39, is a graduate of the famous Lodz film school where some of Poland's greatest directors including Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski also studied.

Asked why she thought there were so many films from former communist central and eastern Europe screening at this year's Berlin festival, Szumowska said it may be because of the rapid pace of change in a region that has had to embrace capitalism and democracy in a short period of time.

"Everything is still fresh... There are so many things going on, always we have strong discussions. We are always talking about who we are," she said.

Though somber in tone - one of the boys hangs himself after a homosexual affair with another boy - "In the Name of" ends on a disconcertingly ambiguous note, showing the object of Adam's love joining a seminary to train as a priest.

"The ending is ironic and kind of confusing but realistic," said Szumowska.

(Reporting by Gareth Jones, editing by Paul Casciato)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/polish-film-tackles-homosexuality-catholic-church-152042699.html

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Scouts face pressure before vote on no-gays policy

Stephen Cyr, 13, left, and his brother Paul Cyr, 15, of Boy Scout Troop 21 in Oak Cliff, Texas, attend the ?Save Our Scouts? Prayer Vigil and Rally in front of the Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters in Irving, TX Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013. The Boy Scouts of America said Wednesday it needed more time before deciding whether to move away from its divisive policy of excluding gays as scouts or adult leaders. (AP Photo/Richard Rodriguez)

Stephen Cyr, 13, left, and his brother Paul Cyr, 15, of Boy Scout Troop 21 in Oak Cliff, Texas, attend the ?Save Our Scouts? Prayer Vigil and Rally in front of the Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters in Irving, TX Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013. The Boy Scouts of America said Wednesday it needed more time before deciding whether to move away from its divisive policy of excluding gays as scouts or adult leaders. (AP Photo/Richard Rodriguez)

Pastor Alvin Fuller, left, of God's Final Warning Ministries of Lancaster, Texas, stands next to his son Gershom Fuller who is holding a sign at they attend the ?Save Our Scouts? Prayer Vigil and Rally in front of the Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters in Irving, Texas, Wednesday, February 6, 2013. The Boy Scouts of America said Wednesday it needed more time before deciding whether to move away from its divisive policy of excluding gays as scouts or adult leaders. (AP Photo/Richard Rodriguez)

Clockwise from left, Boy Scouts Eric Kusterer, Jacob Sorah, James Sorah, Micah Brownlee and Cub Scout John Sorah hold signs at the ?Save Our Scouts? Prayer Vigil and Rally in front of the Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters in Irving, Texas, Wednesday, February 6, 2013. The Boy Scouts of America said Wednesday it needed more time before deciding whether to move away from its divisive policy of excluding gays as scouts or adult leaders. (AP Photo/Richard Rodriguez)

Surrounded by area scouts, Jonathan Saenz, president of Texas Values, reads the press release to that crowd announcing that the Boy Scouts of America will be postponing its decision to admit gays at the ?Save Our Scouts? Prayer Vigil and Rally in front of the Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters in Irving, Texas, Wednesday, February 6, 2013. (AP Photo/Richard Rodriguez)

It promises to be a campaign as passionate and dramatic as any big election. For the next 14 weeks, the Boy Scouts of America will be the focus of prayers, petitions and pressure tactics aimed at swaying a vote on whether to ease its ban on gays as Scouts or adult leaders.

The decision will be made the week of May 20 by the roughly 1,400 voting members of the BSA's National Council. The policy was supposed to be settled Wednesday by the Scouts' 70-member national executive board, but the board concluded the issue was so complex that the organization needed more time to study it.

At stake is a proposal to ease the ban by allowing sponsors of local Scout units to decide for themselves whether to admit gays. Gay-rights groups say the plan is inadequate, and that no units should be allowed to discriminate. Some conservative religious leaders and advocacy groups want the ban to stay in place nationwide.

Both sides are girding for intensive lobbying between now and late May, hoping to influence the outcome.

"Keep the pressure on," was the message Thursday from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to its supporters.

GLAAD, which has been active in several recent campaigns opposing the ban, provided information on how to telephone or email BSA headquarters and offered suggestions for how to advocate using Twitter and Facebook.

"Take action!" GLAAD exhorted. "Send a message to the Boy Scouts that we won't rest until they end the ban."

The Human Rights Campaign, a major gay-rights group, said it will caution the BSA's corporate donors that they would lose points in an annual "equality index" if they continued to support the Scouts as long as any units were allowed to exclude gays.

Similar campaigns were being waged by conservative groups seeking to keep the ban in place.

"This is far from over," wrote Tony Perkins of the Family Research Center in an online message. The center "will continue in our efforts to help the BSA stand strong against the corporate executives and activists who care more about conformity than character."

Perkins said the efforts would include outreach to Scouting parents, liaisons with religious denominations that sponsor Scout units and an extension of an ongoing campaign to flood BSA offices with calls and emails.

Several other conservative groups have joined in an online campaign calling for the resignation of BSA executive board member Randall Stephenson, the CEO of AT&T, who said last year he would try to move the Scouts away from the ban on gays.

"It seems Stephenson's mission is to destroy the Boy Scouts of America from within," said the American Family Association. "As an executive board member, he is using his corporate influence to bully the BSA into gay assimilation."

Under the executive board's timetable, Stephenson is set to become its chairman in 2014. An AT&T spokesman, Mark Siegel, said neither Stephenson nor the company had any public comment about the BSA membership debate.

While the executive board includes several high-powered business executives and civic leaders, the national council is more reflective of Scouting's nationwide grassroots. Members include regional presidents and representatives of the Scouts' 290 local councils.

Given the impassioned views on two sides of the debate, the BSA risks alienating large segments of the national Scouting community no matter what the decision is in May.

Ian Mitroff, who runs a crisis-management consulting firm and is an adjunct professor at the University of California-Berkeley, said he would advise the BSA to move toward an easing of the ban.

"More and more in our society, people are saying, 'We're not going to put up with inequality of any kind,'" he said.

But he acknowledged the risk of a backlash from those who oppose any change. "You're going to have a PR problem, no matter what," Mitroff said.

About 70 percent of all Scout units are sponsored by religious denominations, including many by conservative faiths that have supported the ban, including the Roman Catholic Church, the Mormon church, and the Southern Baptist Convention.

Frank Page, president of the SBC's Executive Committee, was relieved that the BSA had delayed a decision.

"At least this gives all segments of the Scouting family an opportunity to express their views," he told Baptist Press, the SBC's official news agency.

The Mormons are the largest sponsor of Scout units, with more than 420,000 boys in nearly 38,000 units, according to BSA figures. While the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has supported the ban on gays, it has made no official statement about the proposal that would give troop sponsors leeway to set their own policy.

"We caution others not to speculate about our position," Mormon church spokesman Michael Purdy said. "Neither has the church launched any campaign either to affect or prevent a policy change."

On the liberal side of the religious spectrum, a leader of the Reform branch of American Judaism released the text of a letter to BSA President Wayne Parry, urging the ban on gays to be lifted nationwide. Reform synagogues have been discouraged from sponsoring units since 2001 because of the ban.

"We look forward to the day we can encourage our congregations to return to their historical role in hosting BSA troops," wrote Rabbi David Saperstein, director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism. "Indeed, we hope that day may be soon."

In Houston, civil rights lawyer and scoutmaster Bill Helfand worries that the eventual outcome might fracture the Scouting movement.

"Whatever decision is made, there will be people absolutely certain it is wrong," he said. "I hope Scouting doesn't suffer for whatever the decision is, because it is the boys who will suffer."

Helfand says his Troop 55, one of the country's largest with 225 Boy Scouts, will abide by whatever rules the BSA leadership sets, but he hopes the end result is a uniform policy for all Scout units.

"I don't think it's productive for Scouting's goals to have different rules for different troops," he said.

While some gay-rights activists criticized the BSA for delaying a decision, Richard Socarides, a former Clinton White House adviser on gay issues, expressed empathy.

"It's important for gay groups to keep the pressure up ... but the Boy Scouts may have done the right thing for now," he said. "If they need more time to get people on board with the new policy, I'm fine with that. Getting it right is more important than getting it fast."

___

Online:

Boy scouts: http://www.scouting.org/

Follow David Crary and Nomaan Merchant on Twitter at http://twitter.com/CraryAP and http://twitter.com/nomaanmerchant .

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-02-07-US-Boy-Scouts-Gays/id-0535ded641054c94b9b64f6c990a5311

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Thursday, February 7, 2013

Most comprehensive tree of life shows placental mammal diversity exploded after age of dinosaurs

Feb. 7, 2013 ? An international team of scientists including University of Florida researchers has generated the most comprehensive tree of life to date on placental mammals, which are those bearing live young, including bats, rodents, whales and humans.

Appearing ?February 7 in the journal Science, the study details how researchers used both genetic and physical traits to reconstruct the common ancestor of placental mammals, the creature that gave rise to many mammals alive today. The data show that contrary to a commonly held theory, the group diversified after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The research may help scientists better understand how mammals survived past climate change and how they may be impacted by future environmental conditions.

UF researchers led the team that analyzed the anatomy of living and fossil primates, including lemurs, monkeys and humans, as well as their closest living relatives, flying lemurs and tree shrews. The multi-year collaborative project was funded by the National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life Program.

"With regards to evolution, it's critical to understand the relationships of living and fossil mammals before asking questions about 'how' and 'why,' " said co-author Jonathan Bloch, associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Florida Museum of Natural History on the UF campus. "This gives us a new perspective of how major change can influence the history of life, like the extinction of the dinosaurs -- this was a major event in Earth's history that potentially then results in setting the framework for the entire ordinal diversification of mammals, including our own very distant ancestors."

Visual reconstruction of the placental ancestor -- a small, insect-eating animal -- was made possible with the help of a powerful cloud-based and publicly accessible database called MorphoBank. Unlike other reconstructions, the new study creates a clearer picture of the tree of life by combining two data types: Phenomic data includes observational traits such as anatomy and behavior, while genomic data is encoded by DNA.

"Discovering the tree of life is like piecing together a crime scene -- it is a story that happened in the past that you can't repeat," said lead author Maureen O'Leary, an associate professor in the department of anatomical sciences in the School of Medicine at Stony Brook University and research associate at the American Museum of Natural History. "Just like with a crime scene, the new tools of DNA add important information, but so do other physical clues like a body or, in the scientific realm, fossils and anatomy. Combining all the evidence produces the most informed reconstruction of a past event."

Researchers recorded observational traits for 86 placental mammal species, including 40 fossil species. The resulting database contains more than 12,000 images that correspond to more than 4,500 traits detailing characteristics like the presence or absence of wings, teeth and certain bones, type of hair cover and brain structures. The dataset is about 10 times larger than information used in previous studies of mammal relationships.

"It was a great way to learn anatomy, in a nutshell," said co-author Zachary Randall, a UF biology graduate student and research associate at the Florida Museum. "While coding for humans, I could clearly see which anatomical features are unique, shared or not shared with other groups of mammals. This study is a great backbone for future work."

Bloch and Randall collaborated with study co-authors Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto Scarborough and Eric Sargis of Yale University to characterize humans, plus seven other living and one fossil species from the clade Euarchonta, which includes primates, tree shrews and flying lemurs.

"I think this database is amazing because it's being presented in such a way that it will be reproducible for the future generations," Bloch said. "It illustrates exactly what we did and leaves nothing to the imagination -- you can actually go to the pictures and see it."

The evolutionary history of placental mammals has been interpreted in very different ways depending on the data analyzed. One leading analysis based on genomic data alone predicted that a number of placental mammal lineages existed in the Late Cretaceous and survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

"It has been suggested that primates diverged from other mammals well before the extinction of the dinosaurs, but our work using direct evidence from the fossil record tells a different story," Bloch said.

The team reconstructed the anatomy of the placental common ancestor by mapping traits most strongly supported by the data to determine it had a two-horned uterus, a brain with a convoluted cerebral cortex, and a placenta in which maternal blood came in close contact with membranes surrounding the fetus, as in humans.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Florida.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. M. A. O'Leary, J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible, A. L. Cirranello. The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals. Science, 2013; 339 (6120): 662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229237

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/22iYGgfEQR0/130207141458.htm

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